the spectrum of illegibility
senior thesis and collection
The Beginning
In my first semester at MassArt, one of my favorite professors taught me that text detracts from fine art. He told my class that you should always be able to convey your message using visual language as opposed to written language. For those who know me, it might be surprising to hear that I absolutely agreed with him. He and I both thought that it was lazy and flat to billboard statements to communicate a point. I always thought that I was an artist, not a poet or a writer, so I stayed away from the written word as much as I could. (1)
Two years later, I hit a wall. I’ve struggled with depression my whole life, but it had never immobilized me like this before. My drive to create sputtered out completely. I spent my days with my head in the clouds and a weight in my chest. At night I would toss and turn, a whirlwind of thoughts keeping me awake. The only thing I could think to do was write them down, so I did.
Every night I would spill my guts in my notes app until I couldn't keep my eyes open, and every day in class I would fill notebook pages with poetry. I was constantly exhausted, so detached that I became a deer in the headlights every time someone talked to me. (2)
I didn’t know what to do.
One night, on my walk home from school, I just started crying. I couldn’t stop, but I needed to pick up some groceries. It was hard enough to get myself to run the errand, but all I could hope was that I wouldn’t see anyone I knew.
But, life is cruel, so of course I ran into one of my classmates. I didn’t know this person well, but we stopped to exchange pleasantries. I stood there, red faced and misty-eyed, with a smile plastered across my face. I wanted so badly for them to see me, comfort me. But I didn’t let them.
Like a wounded animal, I pushed away all help until I couldn’t anymore. (3)
Eventually, I knew I just needed to start making again. So, I created as many material studies as I could, with little to no expectations.(4) I used anything and everything available to me. I experimented with transparency and refractions, pulled by the visual distortion both can create.
The last study I made was simple, a scrap of tulle embroidered with the question: “Can you still see me?” (5)
The culmination of everything I was feeling was entirely contained in that question.
“Can you still see me?”
I layered this piece of tulle over everything I could, enamored with the way the text interacted with the background, pushing and pulling out of sight.
Soon after, I created it’s not like it's a secret, a piece stuffed with glass and scraps with text layered directly on top. The text of this piece is a fragment from a poem (6) I wrote shortly after my grocery store encounter.
it’s not like it’s a secret was the first time I fully embraced the marriage of visual and written language within my work. For the surface of the piece I used bright colors and stimulating textures to present a playful facade. In contrast, the text is raw and emotional with the visual confusion providing a safety net of illegibility.
From here, I began building a series of works further exploring how I could use illegibility as a tool to subvert a viewer's expectations.
footnotes
(1) It is important to note that my aversion to the written word also stemmed from a fear of vulnerability. I thought that anything that I wrote earnestly was cheesy or cringey. I thought if I bore my soul to the world people would point and laugh, but the opposite is true. As humans, we need to connect with one another, but that is impossible if we are all constantly pretending to feel nothing
(2) Affievolire: (italian), to weaken, to quiet, to diminish
(3) Blur: to take given information and shift or smudge “: to obscure or blemish by smearing” - Merriam-Webster
(4) Play: joyous exploration of how things could be “: to toy or fiddle around with something” - Merriam-Webster
(5) This phrase was pulled directly from a poem I was writing at the time. The poem illustrated my depression as a labyrinth within my mind, dark corridors that I traversed deeper and deeper into. I felt as though I was lost in these corridors, so deep that those around me could no longer see me. The text became a self portrait, that I then layered over a literal self portrait painted on scraps of fabric I had dyed.
(6) you see through the walls i've built of cellophane,
you see the tear stains on my flushed cheeks,
you hear the shake in my voice.
but still you say nothing.
The Spectrum of Illegibility
Illegibility can be used as a tool to more effectively portray our human experiences. Our emotions can never be printed on a page with 100% accuracy. There will always be some level of insufficiency or contradiction. (7)
The Spectrum of Illegibility is a collection of attempts to capture my likeness -The pieces aim to make sense of my experience, the feeling of falling apart right before someone’s eyes. I want the viewer’s experience with the work to mirror the experience they might have when interacting with me. (8)
The creation of this series was anything but linear, but for simplicity, we’ll start with the most legible piece and make our way through the spectrum to the least legible.
Legible → Illegible
Hard Truth Soft Soul
Time Well Spent
Am I Still A Poem?
Double Life
Stream of Consciousness
The Diversion
Order of Creation
Hard Truth Soft Soul
Double Life
Am I Still A Poem?
The Diversion
Stream of Consciousness
Time Well Spent
footnotes
(7) I can write a poem to tell you how much I’m struggling, but there will always be something missing.
(8) The substance of my work is impossible to remove from the reality I am living, but I hope it has its own legs to stand on. The pieces should feel like me, or you, or anyone you know that struggles with vulnerability.
Hard Truth Soft Soul (2024)
I created Hard Truth Soft Soul during a particularly difficult time.
After the election in 2024, I was angrier than I’ve ever been. I felt so hopeless and lost and unmotivated that I just couldn't do anything. I seriously just felt like I couldn't get my shit together. I felt like everything was crumbling around me, but the world just kept moving. Eventually, the world moved into finals season.
I had assignments to complete, so I used that anger and despair to make this.
Hard Truth Soft Soul is a combination of wet felting and needle felting. The process of wet felting two massive panels was laborious and definitely not the easiest for an unmotivated and exhausted person to complete, but once I did, I felt a little bit better.
For the formatting of the text, I chose a simple font that I could easily cut out of my wet felted panel. The decision to make the text all caps came from all of the anger I was feeling. I just wanted to scream all of the time. But I couldn’t do that, so instead I made this text all caps.
I chose white for the text and background of the piece partly because of how empty I was feeling, and partly because I wanted to experiment with low-contrast text that only had form to define its boundaries.
footnotes
Time Well Spent (2025)
Near the end of my time at MassArt, I became preoccupied with the idea that I was wasting my time. The deadline of graduation was hurtling towards me at light speed, and any moment I spent at ease was one filled with anxiety.
To quell this anxiety, I started to crochet a granny square. I went round and round during lectures and critiques and even while watching TV. I chose white for the yarn instinctually, as I had started to work almost entirely in white with the intention of dying my pieces. I had no such intentions here, but as my square grew larger and larger I started feeling that oh-so-familiar itch: The, “This could be something,” itch.
Of course, since I had used white yarn, there was no question that it would eventually be dyed. When I had less then a week left before my reviews, I decided this, “Keep My Hands Busy,” piece of fabric would be a perfect contender for one of my illegibility experiments, I just had to decide what the text would be.
While crocheting the piece, I came up with the phrase, “I just can't help myself”. This was a strong contender, but I felt the lighthearted nature of it didn’t do justice to the anxiety I was feeling at the time. Eventually, because I was constantly asking myself during my last semester, I decided on, “What will I do with the time I have left?” I felt this phrase perfectly summed up the insecurity and anxiety that so many people feel at some point in their lives: that we are just running out of time.
When painting the text onto this piece, I was excited to see how the lace-like structure would affect the legibility of the phrase.
footnotes
Am I Still a Poem? (2025)
Am I Still A Poem? Is a piece that was motivated by the curiosity and challenge of the technique I was using. I was inspired by the intricate designs achievable with Ikat, and wondered if text created in a similar manner would be readable or not.
To create the blurring effect of the text, I painted the warp and weft separately. I wound my warp normally, then wound my weft in a similar manner, making sure the weft was roughly the width my finished weaving would be. I stretched the warp across a table using clamps for tension and a reed to ensure the spacing was correct. I then painted the text using a template and paints I created with natural dyes.
I repeated the process for my weft, and once both were finished I dressed my loom. From there I simply used plain weave, adjusting where my weft strands fell as needed.
For the text, I used a question I had been keeping in my back pocket for a while; “Am I still a Poem?” At the time, I was unsure if the text would be legible at all, and I was wondering if something would still be considered a poem if it was unreadable.
This piece was a labor of love that helped me fall back in love with making. It was the first piece I created in my last semester, immediately following the dark period that inspired the series. The process was complex and time consuming, but every obstacle I overcame made me more and more motivated to see it through.
footnotes
Double Life (2024)
Double Life was made shortly after Hard Truth Soft Soul.
At this point, I was lying to my family about my mental state. I told them I was fine, school was going great, I was happy. Obviously, I was not, and I became frustrated that they couldn't see past my facade.
I also started confiding in my peers, who consistently offered words of encouragement that I never believed. They told me they knew I would push through, that I was resilient and determined and they were proud to know me.
They saw something in me that I couldn’t. The things they said to me felt so removed from my own self image that I felt no one could really see me.
My depression had distorted reality so much that I became jealous of this made up person they were describing.
Ironically, weaving this piece showed me that they were right. It was a massive endeavor to take on a tapestry weaving of this size, but I did it and I was so proud that I saw it through.
I decided to hang the weaving in a way that folds and twists to hide the text in order to mirror the distorted reality I was experiencing
footnotes
Stream of Consciousness (2025)
Stream of Consciousness is heavily influenced by It’s Not Like It's a Secret, but instead takes on the form of a wall hanging.
The text is a series of questions posed directly to the reader, ranging from, “What's your favorite TV show?” to, “Who did you vote for?”
The text of this piece was sewn directly onto white silk gauze using a free motion quilting foot and a sewing machine. Once the text was finished, I dyed the silk and the cotton for the background using indigo and weld.
I wanted this piece to be difficult to decipher, with the text blending into the background and only revealing itself from certain angles. The text is designed to give the viewer whiplash, flip flopping between frivolous questions and ones drenched in honesty.
The piece is inspired by the rise of misinformation and the fall of empathy that is demonstrated so clearly in today's online landscape. We are constantly bombarded with so much information that it is nearly impossible to decipher what is real and what is manufactured.
footnotes
The Diversion (2025)
The Diversion (2025)
This piece was largely an experiment to see just how far I could push the illegibility of my work.
I created a weaving-based alphabet where every three horizontal strands of yellow represent one letter. I then used this code to weave a poem directly into the fabric of the piece. The thin pink bands represent the separation between every line, and the thick pink bands represent the breaks in stanzas.
The text of the piece explores the contrast between our inner and outer selves, so I chose vibrant and cheerful colors to emphasize the disparity between the two.
footnotes
The End
Ultimately, with this series, I am trying to create an experience for the viewer. I am trying to illustrate the contrast between my inner and outer world. It’s a lot harder to be authentic when you know people will read it. Illegibility can be used as a means of protection.
These feelings need to escape me, I cannot continue to hold them alone. So I put them out, with the caveat that only the right people will read it.
Once a piece is complete, the feelings are dispersed. The piece is holding them for me, taking away their power so I can show my most vulnerable self without fear.
The piece becomes a snapshot of me at my lowest, but that version of me is now severed. I am more healed. The piece is me, but not anymore.
I know others feel how I feel. I know I will feel it again. The documentation of my lowest points is proof that I can and will survive again.
footnotes